National consciousness emerged gradually in the archipelago during the first decades of the twentieth century,

Nineteenth-century Indonesia experienced not only the replacement of company rule by Dutch government rule but

The Portuguese were the first Europeans to come in significant numbers to the archipelago. The

The Indian Ocean continued to serve as both a commercial and a cultural link between

Beginning in the 1890s, paleontologists discovered fossil remains of creatures on the island of Java

Before European intrusions into the islands by Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch seeking to monopolize the